U.S. presidential election, 1828

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Presidential electoral votes by state.

Held on December 2, the U.S. presidential election of 1828 featured a rematch between incumbent President John Quincy Adams and chief rival Andrew Jackson, who was now a candidate under the banner of the new Democratic Party.

Unlike the 1824 election, no other major candidates appeared in the race, allowing Jackson to consolidate a power base and easily win an electoral victory over Adams.

Vice President John Caldwell Calhoun of South Carolina would earn the distinction of being the first Vice President to resign from office, doing so on December 28, 1832 to become a Senator from his home state.

1 Background
2 General election
- 2.1 Campaign
- 2.2 Results
3 Aftermath
4 Electoral college selection
5 See also
6 References

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Background

Andrew Jackson had won a plurality of both the popular^(a) and electoral votes in the election of 1824, but had still been beaten by John Quincy Adams when the election was thrown into the House of Representatives. Henry Clay, the then-Speaker of the House, had played kingmaker by throwing his support to Adams; when Adams made Clay his Secretary of State, Jackson and his followers accused Clay and Adams of a "corrupt bargain", and had been bashing Adams' presidency as illegitimate ever since.

^(a) It should be noted that a full quarter of the states did not hold a popular vote.

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General election

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Campaign

This campaign was marked by an impressive amount of mud-slinging. Jackson's marriage came in for attack: when he had married his wife Rachel, the couple had believed that she was divorced; however, the divorce was not yet finalized, so he had had to remarry her once the legal papers were complete. In the Adams campaign's hands, this became a scandal. One pamphlet asked: "Ought a convicted adulteress and her paramour husband to be placed in the highest offices of this free and christian land?"

The notorious Coffin Handbills attacked Jackson for his courts martial and execution of deserters, for his massacres of Indian villages, and for his habit of dueling.

Adams did not escape attack. It was charged that Adams, while serving as Minister to Russia, had surrendered an American servant girl to the appetites of the Czar. Adams was accused of using public funds to buy gambling devices for the presidential residence; it turned out that these were a chess set and a pool table.

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Results

Adams won exactly the same states that his father had won in the election of 1800: the New England states, New Jersey, and Delaware. Jackson won everything else. Unfortunately for Adams, there was a lot more everything else in this election than there had been in 1800, and he lost in a landslide.

Presidential Candidate	Party	Home State	Popular Vote^(a)		Electoral Vote	Running Mate	Running Mate's Home State	Running Mate's Electoral Vote
Presidential Candidate	Party	Home State	Count	Percentage	Electoral Vote	Running Mate	Running Mate's Home State	Running Mate's Electoral Vote
Andrew Jackson	Democratic	Tennessee	642,553	56.0%	178	John Caldwell Calhoun	South Carolina	171
Andrew Jackson	Democratic	Tennessee	642,553	56.0%	178	William Smith	South Carolina	7
John Quincy Adams	National Republican	Massachusetts	500,897	43.6%	83	Richard Rush	Pennsylvania	83
Other			4,568	0.4%	0	Other		0
Total			1,148,018	100.0%	261	Total		261
Needed to win					131	Needed to win		131

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. 1828 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (July 27, 2005).

Source (Electoral Vote): Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (July 31, 2005).

^(a) The popular vote figures exclude Delaware and South Carolina. In both of these states, the Electors were chosen by the state legislatures rather than by popular vote.

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Aftermath

Rachel Jackson had been having chest pains throughout the campaign, aggravated by the personal attacks on her marriage. She became ill and died, humiliated, on December 22, 1828. Jackson accused the Adams campaign of causing her death, saying, "May God Almighty forgive her murderers as I know she forgave them. I never can."

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Electoral college selection

Method of choosing Electors	State(s)
each Elector appointed by state legislature	Delaware South Carolina
state is divided into electoral districts, with one Elector chosen per district by the voters of that district	Maryland Tennessee
two Electors chosen by voters statewide one Elector chosen per Congressional district by the voters of that district	Maine
one Elector chosen per Congressional district by the voters of that district remaining two Electors chosen by the other Electors	New York
each Elector chosen by voters statewide	(all other states)

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References

Books

Butterfield, Roger (1947) The American Past: A History of the United States from Concord to Hiroshima, 1775 – 1945, Simon and Schuster: New York. (no ID)

Web sites