U.S. presidential election, 1824

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Presidential electoral votes by state.

The U.S. presidential election of 1824 is often considered a realigning election. The previous few years had seen the rare phenomenon of one-party government in the United States, as the Federalist Party had dissolved, leaving only the Republican Party. In this election, the Republican party splintered as four separate candidates sought the presidency. The faction led by Andrew Jackson would evolve into the United States Democratic Party, while the factions led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay would become the National Republican Party and later the Whigs.

This election is notable for being the first (and, as of 2005, only) time since the passage of the Twelfth Amendment that the presidential election was thrown into the House of Representatives. It was also the first (and only) time that the president did not win the electoral vote. (It is also often said to be the first election in which the president did not win the popular vote. This is hard to determine, insofar as a quarter of the states did not conduct a popular vote, instead having the state legislature choose their electors.)

1 General election
- 1.1 Campaign
- 1.2 Results
  - 1.2.1 Breakdown by ticket
2 Contingent election
3 Electoral college selection
4 See also
5 References

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General election

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Campaign

The election was a contest between:

General Andrew Jackson, a charismatic hero of the War of 1812 and a former U.S. representative and senator;
John Quincy Adams, son of former President John Adams, former U.S. Minister to Russia, one of the drafters of the Treaty of Ghent, and the current Secretary of State;
William H. Crawford, former U.S. minister to France, former U.S. senator from Georgia, former Secretary of War, and the current Secretary of the Treasury; and
Henry Clay, the "Great Compromiser", the current Speaker of the House.

In 1823, Crawford suffered a stroke. Even though he recovered in 1824, this crippled his bid for the presidency.

John C. Calhoun, current Secretary of War, was initially a fifth candidate in the early stages of consideration but opted to instead seek the Vice Presidency and backed Jackson.

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Results

None of the four presidential candidates received a majority of the electoral vote, so the presidential election was thrown into the House of Representatives. (See "Contingent election" below.) Meanwhile, John Caldwell Calhoun secured a total of 182 electoral votes in a generally uncompetitive race to win the vice presidency outright.

Presidential Candidate	Party	Home State	Popular Vote^(a)		Electoral Vote
Presidential Candidate	Party	Home State	Count	Percentage	Electoral Vote
Andrew Jackson	Republican	Tennessee	151,271	41.3%	99
John Quincy Adams	Republican	Massachusetts	113,122	30.9%	84
William Harris Crawford	Republican	Georgia	40,856	11.2%	41
Henry Clay	Republican	Kentucky	47,531	13.0%	37
(Massachusetts unpledged electors)	Republican	(n/a)	6,616	1.8%	0
Other			6,437	1.8%	0
Total			365,833	100.0%	261
Needed to win					131

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. 1824 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (July 26, 2005).

Source (Electoral Vote): Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (July 30, 2005).

^(a) The popular vote figures exclude Delaware, Georgia, Louisiana, New York, South Carolina, and Vermont. In all of these states, the Electors were chosen by the state legislatures rather than by popular vote.

Vice Presidential Candidate	Party	State	Electoral Vote
John Caldwell Calhoun	Republican	South Carolina	182
Nathan Sanford	Republican	New York	30
Nathaniel Macon	Republican	North Carolina	24
Andrew Jackson	Republican	Tennessee	13
Martin Van Buren	Republican	New York	9
Henry Clay	Republican	Kentucky	2
Total			260
Needed to win			131

Source: Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (July 30, 2005).

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Breakdown by ticket

Presidential Candidate	Running Mate	Electoral Vote^(a)
Andrew Jackson	John Caldwell Calhoun	98 .. 99
John Quincy Adams	John Caldwell Calhoun	65 .. 74
William Harris Crawford	Nathaniel Macon	24
Henry Clay	Nathan Sanford	23 .. 27
John Quincy Adams	Andrew Jackson	9 .. 10
William Harris Crawford	Martin Van Buren	9
Henry Clay	John Caldwell Calhoun	7 .. 11
Henry Clay	Andrew Jackson	3
William Harris Crawford	Henry Clay	1 .. 2
John Quincy Adams	(none)	1
John Quincy Adams	Nathan Sanford	0 .. 7
William Harris Crawford	John Caldwell Calhoun	0 .. 7
William Harris Crawford	Nathan Sanford	0 .. 5
Andrew Jackson	Nathan Sanford	0 .. 1
John Quincy Adams	Henry Clay	0 .. 1
William Harris Crawford	Andrew Jackson	0 .. 1

^(a) Wikipedia's research has not yet been sufficient to determine the pairings of 21 electoral votes in Delaware, Maryland, and New York; therefore, the possible tickets are listed with the minimum and maximum possible number of electoral votes each.

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Contingent election

The presidential election was thrown to the U.S. House of Representatives. As per the Twelfth Amendment, only the top three candidates in the electoral vote were candidates in the House: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William Harris Crawford. Left out was Henry Clay, who happened to be Speaker of the House. Clay detested Jackson — he had said that, "I cannot believe that killing 2,500 Englishmen at New Orleans qualifies for the … duties of the First Magistracy" — and Clay's American System was far closer to Adams' position on tariffs and internal improvements than Jackson's or Crawford's, so he threw his support to Adams, and Adams won on the first ballot.

This shocked Jackson, who expected that, as the winner of a plurality of both the popular and electoral votes, he should have been elected President. When President Adams appointed Clay his Secretary of State, essentially declaring him heir to the Presidency — Adams and his three predecessors had all served as Secretary of State — Jackson and his followers accused Adams and Clay of striking a "corrupt bargain". The Jacksonians would campaign on this claim for the next four years, ultimately leading to Jackson's victory in the Adams-Jackson rematch in 1828.

	Adams	Jackson	Crawford
1st ballot	13	7	4

	1st ballot
Alabama	Jackson
Connecticut	Adams
Delaware	Crawford
Georgia	Crawford
Illinois	Adams
Indiana	Jackson
Kentucky	Adams
Louisiana	Adams
Maine	Adams
Maryland	Adams
Massachusetts	Adams
Mississippi	Jackson
Missouri	Adams
New Hampshire	Adams
New Jersey	Jackson
New York	Adams
North Carolina	Crawford
Ohio	Adams
Pennsylvania	Jackson
Rhode Island	Adams
South Carolina	Jackson
Tennessee	Jackson
Vermont	Adams
Virginia	Crawford

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Electoral college selection

Method of choosing Electors	State(s)
each Elector chosen by voters statewide	Alabama Connecticut Indiana Massachusetts Mississippi New Hampshire New Jersey North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Virginia
each Elector appointed by state legislature	Delaware Georgia Louisiana New York South Carolina Vermont
state is divided into electoral districts, with one Elector chosen per district by the voters of that district	Illinois Kentucky Maryland Missouri Tennessee
two Electors chosen by voters statewide one Elector chosen per Congressional district by the voters of that district	Maine